PECI

Peci (abbreviation from Dutch: petje, from Otoman Turkish: فس, translit. fes, from Moroccan Arabic: ڢاس, translit. fās, lit. 'Fez') is a term that refers to a typical Moroccan head covering that originates from- proposal from the city of Fez. Peci are usually made from cloth, velvet, and so on. Synonymously, the Turkish variation of the high-shaped peci is also known as tarbus (abbreviation from Otoman Turkish: طربوش, translit. ṭarbūš). In Indonesia specifically, the peci has had its shape simplified, and usually has the characteristic black color, which has also been adopted as one of Indonesia's national symbols since 1928.

The term "peci" in Indonesian was adopted from the Dutch word "petje" which is also spelled diminutively as "pet", which means "hat". Etymologically, the term "pet" in Dutch itself comes from the word "fes" (فس) in Otoman Turkish, which is derived from the term "fās" (ڢاس) in Moroccan Arabic, which refers to the city area of Fez ( in Morocco) which is where the peci was developed.

The popularity of the modern peci emerged during the Otoman era. Peci became a symbol of the Otoman Sultanate in the early 19th century. In 1827, Mahmud II mandated the peci as the modern head covering for his new army, which was nicknamed the Asakir-i Mansure-i Muhammediye. The decision was inspired by the Otoman naval command, who had previously returned from Morocco after adopting the region's signature hat style. In 1829, Mahmud issued a new regulation requiring the use of peci by all civil and religious officials. The aim is to replace the turban, which serves as a marker of identity and divides rather than unites society. A century later, in 1925, the peci was banned in Türkiye as part of Atatürk's reforms. Since then, the fez has ceased to be part of Turkish men's clothing.

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